Map editing
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Map editing is the altering of a map from outside Minecraft gameplay. This includes changing of the server_level.dat file to create a map that is not randomly generated by the server and making maps with the .mclevel format for use in indev. This is useful for maps with themes.
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Making a map editor
Here is a Java class that loads classic multiplayer maps (saved as serialized Java objects). Include this in your application; this requires users to place a minecraft-server.jar in the same folder as the editor.
Types of editing
Many third-party editors are available for download, ranging from full-blown editors to programs which can merely change certain aspects of a map.
Full editing
There are editors that allow you to completely control the map. This includes things such as dimensions, spawn point, and every single block in the map. The most well-known editor for classic maps is Omen, available here. NBT Forge edits .mclevel maps and infinite Alpha (infdev) levels, and is available here.
Generators
These types of editors generate a new map based on certain inputted parameters. A good example of this is ZOMG - ZomBuster's Original Map Generator.
Block replacers
These programs find every block of a certain type and replace it with another block chosen by the user. These are useful for making themed maps.